{
  "dataset": "legal-thresholds",
  "title": "Compute thresholds in law",
  "index": "Compute Threshold Index",
  "url": "https://aisafetytracker.org/capability/#thresholds",
  "citation": "AI Safety Tracker, \"Compute Threshold Index\". https://aisafetytracker.org/capability/#thresholds. Retrieved 23 October 2026.",
  "licences": [
    {
      "source": "legal-thresholds-index",
      "name": "Compute Threshold Index",
      "publisher": "This site",
      "licence": "MIT",
      "licence_url": "https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT",
      "attribution": "AI Safety Tracker, \"Compute Threshold Index\". Licensed MIT."
    }
  ],
  "generated": "2026-10-23T21:53:16+00:00",
  "retrieved": "2026-10-23T00:00:00+00:00",
  "unit": "FLOP of training compute",
  "notes": "Every training-compute threshold written into law, executive action or an official policy document, reviewed 2026-10-23. Whether a model crosses one is arithmetic on compute estimates and is not a legal finding.",
  "count": 6,
  "records": [
    {
      "applies_from": null,
      "dated_url": null,
      "ended": null,
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "instrument": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 51(2)",
      "flop": 1e+25,
      "status": "in force",
      "applies_to": "General-purpose AI models placed on the EU market",
      "consequence": "Presumption of systemic risk, bringing model evaluation, adversarial testing, incident reporting and cybersecurity obligations.",
      "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj",
      "dated": "2024-06-13",
      "dated_as": "signed",
      "note": "A rebuttable presumption rather than a hard line: a developer can argue its model does not carry systemic risk despite the compute, and the Commission can designate a model that falls below it.",
      "exponent": 25,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    },
    {
      "applies_from": null,
      "dated_url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/09/29/governor-newsom-signs-sb-53-advancing-californias-world-leading-artificial-intelligence-industry/",
      "ended": null,
      "jurisdiction": "United States (California)",
      "instrument": "SB 53, Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act",
      "flop": 1e+26,
      "status": "in force",
      "applies_to": "Frontier developers training models above the threshold",
      "consequence": "Duty to publish a frontier AI framework and transparency report, and to report critical safety incidents to the state.",
      "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53",
      "dated": "2025-09-29",
      "dated_as": "signed",
      "note": "Counts the initial training run plus later fine-tuning and material modification, so it is a cumulative figure rather than a single-run one. Larger obligations attach above an annual revenue threshold as well.",
      "exponent": 26,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    },
    {
      "applies_from": null,
      "dated_url": null,
      "ended": null,
      "jurisdiction": "South Korea",
      "instrument": "Enforcement Decree of the AI Basic Act, Article 23",
      "flop": 1e+26,
      "status": "in force",
      "applies_to": "AI systems trained with cumulative compute at or above the threshold that also apply state-of-the-art technology and pose wide and serious risk to fundamental rights",
      "consequence": "Duty to identify, assess and mitigate risks across the life cycle, run a safety-incident response system, and submit the results to the Ministry of Science and ICT.",
      "url": "https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148958380",
      "dated": "2026-01-20",
      "dated_as": "approved",
      "note": "Cumulative training compute, and the first of three conditions that must all hold, so crossing 1e26 alone does not bring a model into scope. In force from 22 January 2026 under the AI Basic Act, with fines deferred for a grace period of at least a year.",
      "exponent": 26,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    },
    {
      "applies_from": null,
      "dated_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence",
      "ended": "2025-01-20",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (federal)",
      "instrument": "Executive Order 14110, section 4.2",
      "flop": 1e+26,
      "status": "revoked",
      "applies_to": "Developers of dual-use foundation models",
      "consequence": "Reporting of training runs, results of red-team testing and security measures.",
      "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/executive-order/14110",
      "dated": "2023-10-30",
      "dated_as": "signed",
      "note": "The first compute threshold in any official instrument, revoked in January 2025. Included because it is still widely quoted as current, and because California later adopted the same number.",
      "exponent": 26,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    },
    {
      "applies_from": null,
      "dated_url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf",
      "ended": null,
      "jurisdiction": "United States (California)",
      "instrument": "SB 1047, Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models Act",
      "flop": 1e+26,
      "status": "vetoed",
      "applies_to": "Developers of covered models above the threshold and above $100m training cost",
      "consequence": "Would have required a safety protocol, third-party audit and a shutdown capability.",
      "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1047",
      "dated": "2024-09-29",
      "dated_as": "vetoed",
      "note": "Vetoed in September 2024. Its successor, SB 53, kept the compute threshold and dropped the audit and shutdown requirements.",
      "exponent": 26,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    },
    {
      "applies_from": "2027-01-01",
      "dated_url": null,
      "ended": null,
      "jurisdiction": "United States (New York)",
      "instrument": "RAISE Act, Responsible AI Safety and Education Act",
      "flop": 1e+26,
      "status": "enacted",
      "applies_to": "Frontier developers training models above the threshold, with the heavier duties on those with over $500 million in annual revenue",
      "consequence": "Duty to publish safety and security protocols and to report safety incidents to the state.",
      "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B",
      "dated": "2025-12-19",
      "dated_as": "signed",
      "note": "Signed in December 2025 and amended in March 2026 to track California's SB 53. It applies from 1 January 2027, so it is counted here as enacted rather than in force.",
      "exponent": 26,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
      "source_id": "legal-thresholds-index"
    }
  ]
}