{
  "dataset": "release-disclosures",
  "title": "Releases against their system cards",
  "index": "Release Safety Disclosure Index",
  "url": "https://aisafetytracker.org/alignment/#releases",
  "citation": "AI Safety Tracker, \"Release Safety Disclosure Index\". https://aisafetytracker.org/alignment/#releases. Retrieved 18 October 2026.",
  "licences": [
    {
      "source": "release-safety-index",
      "name": "Release Safety Disclosure Index",
      "publisher": "This site",
      "licence": "MIT",
      "licence_url": "https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT",
      "attribution": "AI Safety Tracker, \"Release Safety Disclosure Index\". Licensed MIT."
    },
    {
      "source": "epoch-notable-models",
      "name": "Notable AI Models",
      "publisher": "Epoch AI",
      "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
      "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "attribution": "Epoch AI, \"Notable AI Models\". Licensed CC BY 4.0."
    }
  ],
  "generated": "2026-10-26T13:15:14+00:00",
  "retrieved": "2026-10-18T00:00:00+00:00",
  "unit": null,
  "notes": "What each frontier developer published about safety at each release Epoch AI lists from 2025-01-01, read from the developers' own cards and reviewed 2026-10-18. Every cell is the developer's statement about its own model; none is verified.",
  "count": 79,
  "records": [
    {
      "model": "Muse Wonder Full",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2026-10-12",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "awaiting review",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Muse Wonder",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2026-10-12",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "awaiting review",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 4 Argon",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2026-09-30",
      "accessibility": "Other",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 4 Argon model card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-4-argon/",
      "card_date": "2026-10-13",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "later",
      "days_late": 13,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "CBRN and cybersecurity CCLs could not be ruled out; safety cases applied",
      "note": "Released to trusted cyber defenders on 30 September; the card followed on 13 October. The launch post mentions the US government's voluntary pre-release access process and names no institute.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-6.1 Sol",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-09-29",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Addendum to GPT-6 Astra System Card: GPT-6.1 Sol",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-1-sol/",
      "card_date": "2026-09-29",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as Critical in cybersecurity and High in biological and chemical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Sonnet 5.5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-09-28",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Sonnet 5.5",
      "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-sonnet-5-5-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-09-28",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as meeting the CB-1 and Autonomy-1 thresholds",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-6 Sol",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-09-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-6 Astra System Card, appendix on GPT-6 Sol and GPT-6 Luna",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra/",
      "card_date": "2026-09-22",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in cybersecurity and in biological and chemical",
      "note": "Covered by an appendix added to the GPT-6 Astra card on its release day.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-6 Luna Decisions",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-09-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Served through the Decisions API, built on GPT-6 Luna. No card names it.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-6 Luna",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-09-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-6 Astra System Card, appendix on GPT-6 Sol and GPT-6 Luna",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra/",
      "card_date": "2026-09-22",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in cybersecurity and in biological and chemical",
      "note": "Covered by an appendix added to the GPT-6 Astra card on its release day.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 5.5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-09-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 5.5",
      "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-09-22",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US CAISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as having CB-1 capabilities; does not cross CB-2",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 4.7",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2026-09-21",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://x.ai/news/grok-4-7",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The launch post reports refusal and biosafety benchmark scores and links no card.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek V4.1 Flash",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2026-09-09",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Its technical report gives offensive-cyber benchmark scores as capabilities, with no risk assessment.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-6 Astra",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-09-03",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-6 Astra System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra/",
      "card_date": "2026-09-03",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Critical in cybersecurity; High in biological and chemical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Muse Spark 1.3",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2026-09-02",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://research.meta.ai/blog/introducing-muse-spark-1-3",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The launch post links a capability evaluation methodology, not a safety report.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 3.8 Flash",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2026-09-02",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 3.8 Flash model card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-8-flash/",
      "card_date": "2026-09-02",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Relies on Gemini 3.7 Flash, which reached no Tracked or Critical Capability Level",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Fable 5.1",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-09-01",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Fable 5.1 & Claude Mythos 5.1",
      "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-5-1-mythos-5-1-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-09-01",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as having CB-1 capabilities",
      "note": "METR tested Claude Mythos 5.1 before release; the card names no government institute.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.6 Cyber",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-08-11",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Released through OpenAI's Daybreak cyber defence programme. No card names it.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Muse Spark 1.2",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2026-08-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://research.meta.ai/blog/introducing-muse-code-and-muse-spark-1-2",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The launch post links a capability evaluation methodology, not a safety report.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-07-24",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 5",
      "url": "https://anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-07-24",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as having CB-1 capabilities",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Fable 5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-06-09",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Fable 5 & Claude Mythos 5",
      "url": "https://anthropic.com/claude-fable-5-mythos-5-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-06-09",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as having CB-1 capabilities; judged below CB-2",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "MAI-Code-1-Flash",
      "developer": "Microsoft",
      "released": "2026-06-02",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "MAI-Code-1-Flash model card",
      "url": "https://microsoft.ai/pdf/MAI-Code-1-Flash-Model-Card.PDF",
      "card_date": "2026-06-02",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Names no threshold",
      "note": "The card reports secure-coding evaluations, which are not dangerous-capability ones.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 4.8",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-05-28",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 4.8",
      "url": "https://anthropic.com/claude-opus-4-8-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-05-28",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 3.5 Flash",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2026-05-19",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 3.5 Flash model card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-5-flash/",
      "card_date": "2026-05-19",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Relies on Gemini 3.1 Pro, which reached no CCL",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.5 Instant",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-05-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.5 Instant System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-5-instant/",
      "card_date": "2026-05-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in cybersecurity and in biological and chemical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek-V4-Pro",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2026-04-24",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Pro",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Released with a technical report on capability. DeepSeek publishes no model card or safety report.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek-V4-Flash",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2026-04-24",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Flash",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Released with a technical report on capability. DeepSeek publishes no model card or safety report.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.5 Pro",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-04-23",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-5/",
      "card_date": "2026-04-23",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical and in cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.5",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-04-23",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-5/",
      "card_date": "2026-04-23",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US CAISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical and in cybersecurity; below Critical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 4.7",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-04-16",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 4.7",
      "url": "https://anthropic.com/claude-opus-4-7-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-04-16",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.4-Cyber",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-04-14",
      "accessibility": "Other",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Released to vetted defenders through OpenAI's Trusted Access for Cyber programme. No card names it.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Muse Spark",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2026-04-08",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Muse Spark Safety & Preparedness Report",
      "url": "https://ai.meta.com/static-resource/muse-spark-safety-and-preparedness-report/",
      "card_date": "2026-04-08",
      "date_url": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/scaling-how-we-build-test-advanced-ai/",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Chemical and biological capability likely in the high risk category before safeguards",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Mythos Preview",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2026-04-07",
      "accessibility": "Other",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Mythos Preview",
      "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-mythos-preview-system-card",
      "card_date": "2026-04-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low",
      "note": "Released to a limited set of partners for defensive cybersecurity. METR and Epoch AI tested it before release; the card names no government institute.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.4 Pro",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-03-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-4-thinking/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The linked GPT-5.4 Thinking card does not name GPT-5.4 Pro.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.4",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-03-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.4 Thinking System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-4-thinking/",
      "card_date": "2026-03-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical and in cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 3.0 Flash-lite",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2026-03-03",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite model card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-1-flash-lite/",
      "card_date": "2026-03-03",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Relies on Gemini 3.1 Pro with Deep Think, which reached no CCL",
      "note": "Epoch lists it as Gemini 3.0 Flash-lite and links Google's announcement of Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 4.20",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2026-02-17",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Grok 4.20 System Card",
      "url": "https://data.x.ai/2026-04-07-grok-4-20-model-card.pdf",
      "card_date": "2026-04-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "later",
      "days_late": 49,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Released with safeguards appropriate for its capability threshold, which is not named",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.3-Codex-Spark",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-02-12",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A research preview. No card names it.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.3 Codex",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2026-02-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.3-Codex System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-3-codex/",
      "card_date": "2026-02-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US CAISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biology and, as a precaution, in cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.2 Codex",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-12-18",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Addendum to GPT-5.2 System Card: GPT-5.2-Codex",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-2-codex/",
      "card_date": "2025-12-18",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biology; below High in cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.2 Pro",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-12-11",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-2/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The linked GPT-5.2 card covers GPT-5.2 Instant and GPT-5.2 Thinking and does not name GPT-5.2 Pro.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.2",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-12-11",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Update to GPT-5 System Card: GPT-5.2",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-2/",
      "card_date": "2025-12-11",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeekMath-V2",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2025-11-27",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "specialised",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Built for one narrow task, theorem proving.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 4.5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-11-24",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 4.5",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-11-24",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US CAISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "ASL-3 safeguards",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 4.1 Fast",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2025-11-19",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://x.ai/news/grok-4-1-fast",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The launch post links no card.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.1-Codex-Max",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-11-19",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.1-Codex-Max System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-1-codex-max/",
      "card_date": "2025-11-18",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biology; below High in cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 3 Pro",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-11-18",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 3 Pro Model Card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-pro/",
      "card_date": "2025-11-18",
      "date_url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "No CCL reached; alert threshold met for cybersecurity",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 3 Deep Think",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-11-18",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 3 Pro Model Card",
      "url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-pro/",
      "card_date": "2025-11-18",
      "date_url": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "No CCL reached",
      "note": "The Gemini 3 Pro card reports its evaluations of Deep Think mode as consistent with Gemini 3 Pro's.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 4.1",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2025-11-17",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Grok 4.1 Model Card",
      "url": "https://data.x.ai/2025-11-17-grok-4-1-model-card.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-11-17",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Names no threshold",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.1 Instant",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-11-13",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.1 Instant and GPT-5.1 Thinking System Card Addendum",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-1/",
      "card_date": "2025-11-12",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "summary",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical, as GPT-5 was",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.1",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-11-13",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5.1 Instant and GPT-5.1 Thinking System Card Addendum",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5-1/",
      "card_date": "2025-11-12",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "summary",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical, as GPT-5 was",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5.1-Codex",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-11-12",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "No card names it. The GPT-5.1-Codex-Max card of the following week uses it as a baseline.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Haiku 4.5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-10-15",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Haiku 4.5",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/7aad69bf12627d42234e01ee7c36305dc2f6a970.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-10-15",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-haiku-4-5",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Deployed under the ASL-2 Standard",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5 Pro",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-10-07",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical, as part of the GPT-5 launch",
      "note": "The GPT-5 card, published two months before the API release, names it as gpt-5-thinking-pro.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Sonnet 4.5",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-09-29",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Sonnet 4.5",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-09-29",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-sonnet-4-5",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Requires ASL-3 protection",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5 nano",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-08-07",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "proxy",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical, as part of the GPT-5 launch",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5 mini",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-08-07",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical, as part of the GPT-5 launch",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-5",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-08-07",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "GPT-5 System Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-5/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-07",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US CAISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Treated as High in biological and chemical",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "gpt-oss-20b",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-08-05",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-oss/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Below High in every tracked category, including after adversarial fine-tuning",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "gpt-oss-120b",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-08-05",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card",
      "url": "https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-oss/",
      "card_date": "2025-08-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Below High in every tracked category, including after adversarial fine-tuning",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 4.1",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-08-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card Addendum: Claude Opus 4.1",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/9fa30625273bafdf5af82c93719d7ca606485a16.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-08-05",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-1",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Deployed under the ASL-3 Standard as a precaution",
      "note": "The card says no new pre-deployment evaluations were run with government partners for this release.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-08-01",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think Model Card",
      "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/Model-Cards/Gemini-2-5-Deep-Think-Model-Card.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-08-01",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "At the alert threshold for CBRN Uplift Level 1; further mitigations applied as a precaution",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini Embedding",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-07-14",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "not generative",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "An embedding model, which produces no text.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 4",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2025-07-09",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Grok 4 Model Card",
      "url": "https://data.x.ai/2025-08-20-grok-4-model-card.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-08-20",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "later",
      "days_late": 42,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Names no threshold; biology described as the area of highest concern",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 2.5 Pro (Jun 2025)",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-06-05",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025)",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2025-05-28",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Sonnet 4",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-05-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 4 & Claude Sonnet 4",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-05",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/system-cards",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Does not require the ASL-3 Standard",
      "note": "The card names institute testing of Claude Opus 4 only.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude Opus 4",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-05-22",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "System Card: Claude Opus 4 & Claude Sonnet 4",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-05",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/system-cards",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US AISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "reached",
      "threshold_text": "Deployed with ASL-3 measures because ASL-3 risks could not be ruled out",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 2.5 Pro (May 2025)",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-05-06",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Llama 4 Scout",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2025-04-05",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Llama 4 Model Card",
      "url": "https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/MODEL_CARD.md",
      "card_date": "2025-04-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "summary",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Says Llama 4 does not enable catastrophic cyber outcomes; names no threshold",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Llama 4 Maverick",
      "developer": "Meta",
      "released": "2025-04-05",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Llama 4 Model Card",
      "url": "https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/MODEL_CARD.md",
      "card_date": "2025-04-05",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "summary",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "not stated",
      "threshold_text": "Says Llama 4 does not enable catastrophic cyber outcomes; names no threshold",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-4o (Mar 2025)",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-03-27",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Gemini 2.5 Pro (Mar 2025)",
      "developer": "Google DeepMind",
      "released": "2025-03-25",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Gemini 2.5 Pro Model Card",
      "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/Model-Cards/Gemini-2-5-Pro-Model-Card.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-04-17",
      "date_url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/17/googles-latest-ai-model-report-lacks-key-safety-details-experts-say/",
      "timing": "later",
      "days_late": 23,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "No CCL reached; alert threshold reached for Cyber Uplift Level 1",
      "note": "The first card, for the preview, appeared 23 days after release. The linked card is its current version.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek-V3 (Mar 2025)",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2025-03-24",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "o1-pro",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-03-19",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card-20241205.pdf",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The linked o1 system card of December 2024 does not name o1-pro, and no card accompanied its API release.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-4.5",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-02-27",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "OpenAI GPT-4.5 System Card",
      "url": "https://cdn.openai.com/gpt-4-5-system-card-2272025.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-02-27",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Medium risk overall",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Claude 3.7 Sonnet",
      "developer": "Anthropic",
      "released": "2025-02-24",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "Claude 3.7 Sonnet System Card",
      "url": "https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-02-24",
      "date_url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet",
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [
        "US AISI",
        "UK AISI"
      ],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "ASL-2 safeguards remain appropriate",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "Grok 3",
      "developer": "xAI",
      "released": "2025-02-17",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://x.ai/news/grok-3",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "The launch post links a draft risk management framework, not a model card.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "o3-mini",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-01-31",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": "OpenAI o3-mini System Card",
      "url": "https://cdn.openai.com/o3-mini-system-card-feb10.pdf",
      "card_date": "2025-01-31",
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "at release",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "results",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "below",
      "threshold_text": "Medium risk overall before mitigations",
      "note": null,
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "GPT-4o (Jan 2025)",
      "developer": "OpenAI",
      "released": "2025-01-29",
      "accessibility": "API only",
      "scope": "version",
      "card": null,
      "url": null,
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": null,
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": null,
      "government": [],
      "threshold": null,
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "A dated update to a model released earlier, which Epoch lists separately.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    },
    {
      "model": "DeepSeek-R1",
      "developer": "DeepSeek",
      "released": "2025-01-20",
      "accessibility": "Open weights",
      "scope": "indexed",
      "card": null,
      "url": "https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1",
      "card_date": null,
      "date_url": null,
      "timing": "none",
      "days_late": null,
      "evals": "none",
      "government": [],
      "threshold": "no card",
      "threshold_text": null,
      "note": "Released with a technical report on capability. DeepSeek publishes no model card or safety report.",
      "reviewed": "2026-10-18",
      "source_id": "release-safety-index"
    }
  ]
}