AI Safety Tracker

AI in the European Union

8 instruments 3 datacentre sites 106 notable models

By Microsoft's estimate, the share of people of working age using AI tools in 2026-Q2 ran from 18.0% in Romania to 49.9% in Ireland, across the 22 member states it covers, and 19.9% of EU enterprises used AI in 2025, by Eurostat's survey. 8 instruments relevant to AI in EU law and policy are indexed, 6 of them binding. Epoch AI lists 106 notable models with a developer in the European Union, and 3 AI datacentre sites are recorded there in Epoch AI's hub.

  • 19.9% of EU enterprises with ten or more staff using AI, 2025 Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises Eurostat Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated annual Retrieved , today Self-reported by enterprises in the ICT usage survey, so it measures what firms say they use and what they recognise as AI. Covers the EU plus a few reporting non-members, and only enterprises with ten or more people employed unless the size dimension says otherwise. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and the financial sector are outside the survey population entirely. Small cells are suppressed rather than zero, and NACE activity classes nest, so shares by industry do not partition anything. Cite Eurostat, "Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises". https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/digital-economy-and-society/database. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.
  • 6 of 8 indexed instruments that are binding law AI Law and Policy Index This site Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , 5 days ago Data JSON CSV Our own reading of primary instruments, with a link to each. Not legal advice, not a compliance checklist and not exhaustive. Instruments that never mention AI are included where they apply to it, which is most of the Australian list. Statuses and commencement dates go stale; every record carries its review date. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Law and Policy Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/policy/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.
  • 10 of 10 governance readiness points, scored once for every member state AI Governance Readiness Index This site Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , 5 days ago Data JSON Our own editorial coding from primary legal sources, not an objective measurement. Every score cites a specific instrument and article. "Readiness" means the machinery exists to govern AI. It is emphatically not a judgement that the resulting rules are good, proportionate, or well enforced. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Governance Readiness Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/methodology/governance-readiness/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.
  • 426 MW of IT power planned at 3 sites in Epoch AI's hub, 108 MW of it operating AI Data Centers Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated several times a week Retrieved , today The largest AI sites Epoch has found, mostly in the United States. Epoch estimated in September 2026 that they hold 44% of the world's deployed AI compute, with a 90% interval of 23% to 81%. Power, compute and cost are Epoch's estimates from satellite imagery, permits and company statements; four in five IT power estimates fall within a factor of 1.4 of the true value. The owner is the owner of the chips, not necessarily of the building. Capacity after the date of retrieval is Epoch's projection. Coordinates are read from the hub's map page, which publishes them; the downloads do not. Cite Epoch AI, "AI Data Centers". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

Law and policy

8 instruments that apply to AI in the European Union, grouped by how binding each is. 6 are binding law, and 2 of those name AI or deepfakes in their titles. AI Law and Policy Index This site Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , 5 days ago Data JSON CSV Our own reading of primary instruments, with a link to each. Not legal advice, not a compliance checklist and not exhaustive. Instruments that never mention AI are included where they apply to it, which is most of the Australian list. Statuses and commencement dates go stale; every record carries its review date. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Law and Policy Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/policy/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.

Binding instrument Kind Year
Digital Omnibus on AI Act 2026
Directive (EU) 2024/2853 on liability for defective products Act 2024
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) Act 2024
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 (Digital Services Act) Act 2022
Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright in the Digital Single Market Act 2019
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) Act 2016
AI law and policy in the European Union

Data: the AI Law and Policy Index, read from each primary instrument. Not legal advice.

Use of AI tools

Share of the working-age population using AI tools in each member state Microsoft covers, 2026-Q2, with each state's rank among 147 economies. Microsoft's estimate from its own telemetry, scaled to each population. AI Diffusion Report: AI User Share Microsoft AI for Good Lab Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , today Derived from anonymised Microsoft telemetry, then adjusted for OS/device market share, internet penetration and a modelled mobile-to-desktop ratio. It therefore measures Microsoft-visible AI use, scaled, not observed total AI use. Systematically less reliable where Microsoft platform share is low, and it cannot see AI embedded in products users do not recognise as AI. Cite Microsoft AI for Good Lab, "AI Diffusion Report: AI User Share". https://github.com/microsoft/ai-diffusion-report. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

Member state 2026-Q2 Rank
Ireland 49.9% 3
France 49.6% 4
Spain 45.1% 6
Netherlands 43.5% 9
Belgium 40.3% 13
Sweden 37.3% 17
Austria 35.4% 18
Hungary 33.3% 20
Denmark 32.4% 22
Germany 32.3% 23
Show the remaining 12
Poland 32.3% 23
Italy 31.4% 25
Czech Republic 31.2% 27
Bulgaria 30.7% 29
Finland 30.6% 30
Slovenia 30.1% 31
Portugal 27.4% 36
Croatia 27.2% 37
Slovakia 27.1% 38
Lithuania 25.1% 43
Greece 21.5% 54
Romania 18.0% 65

Ranked within 147 economies. Bars are scaled to the highest share, United Arab Emirates at 73.3%. Microsoft publishes no figure for the EU as a whole. Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta are not among its economies. The estimate measures AI use visible to Microsoft and is least reliable where its platform share is low.

AI adoption

Data: Microsoft AI for Good Lab, AI Diffusion Report: AI User Share

Use of AI by enterprises

Share of enterprises with ten or more people employed using at least one AI technology, 2025: 19.9% across the EU27, and by member state, by size and by technology. Eurostat's survey of enterprises. Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises Eurostat Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated annual Retrieved , today Self-reported by enterprises in the ICT usage survey, so it measures what firms say they use and what they recognise as AI. Covers the EU plus a few reporting non-members, and only enterprises with ten or more people employed unless the size dimension says otherwise. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and the financial sector are outside the survey population entirely. Small cells are suppressed rather than zero, and NACE activity classes nest, so shares by industry do not partition anything. Cite Eurostat, "Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises". https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/digital-economy-and-society/database. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • 17.0% 10 to 49 staff
  • 30.4% 50 to 249 staff
  • 55.0% 250 or more staff
Member state 2025
Denmark 42.0%
Finland 37.8%
Sweden 35.0%
Belgium 34.5%
Luxembourg 33.6%
Netherlands 33.2%
Austria 29.9%
Germany 26.0%
Estonia 23.4%
Slovenia 21.6%
Show the remaining 17
Malta 21.5%
Lithuania 21.3%
Spain 20.3%
Ireland 19.6%
France 18.2%
Slovakia 18.0%
Czechia 17.6%
Italy 16.4%
Croatia 15.2%
Latvia 12.2%
Portugal 11.5%
Hungary 10.4%
Cyprus 9.3%
Greece 8.9%
Bulgaria 8.6%
Poland 8.4%
Romania 5.2%
Technology 2025
Text mining 11.8%
Text or speech generation 8.8%
Speech recognition 7.2%
Workflow automation or decision support 5.3%
Machine learning for data analysis 5.1%
Image recognition 3.8%
Autonomous robots and vehicles 1.4%

Self-reported by each enterprise, so it measures what firms recognise as AI. Covers all activities except agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and finance. Technology shares overlap: a firm using three is counted in each.

AI adoption

Data: Eurostat, Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises

Governance readiness

10 of 10 points on a five-dimension rubric recording how much machinery exists to govern AI, not how strict it is. The EU is scored once, and the score applies to each of its 27 member states. 0 of 31 nationally coded jurisdictions score higher and 1 scores the same. AI Governance Readiness Index This site Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , 5 days ago Data JSON Our own editorial coding from primary legal sources, not an objective measurement. Every score cites a specific instrument and article. "Readiness" means the machinery exists to govern AI. It is emphatically not a judgement that the resulting rules are good, proportionate, or well enforced. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Governance Readiness Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/methodology/governance-readiness/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.

Dimension Score What the score records
Binding law 3 of 3 A horizontal instrument in force and applicable.
Oversight body 2 of 2 A regulator holding statutory powers over AI.
Evaluation capacity 2 of 2 An operating safety or evaluation institute.
Transparency duty 2 of 2 An explicit AI disclosure, labelling or automated-decision duty in law.
Strategy 1 of 1 A published national AI strategy.

Scored at EU level. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, the AI Act, entered into force in August 2024 and applies in stages: prohibitions from February 2025, general-purpose model obligations from August 2025, Article 50 transparency duties from August 2026. The Digital Omnibus on AI, in force from July 2026, deferred the high-risk obligations to December 2027 for stand-alone Annex III systems and to August 2028 for systems embedded in regulated products; it did not defer Article 50. The AI Office supervises general-purpose models directly; member states designate national market surveillance authorities. The readiness score counts machinery that exists, so deferring when an obligation bites does not lower it. National implementation differs, most visibly in which authority has been designated, and that difference is not scored here. Cited for the score: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act) (2024), European AI Office (2024), Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), Article 22 (2016).

Governance readiness rubric

Data: the AI Governance Readiness Index. Against AI use in every jurisdiction: exposure against governance readiness

Compute thresholds

The training-compute threshold in EU law, the day it took its final form, and the models with a published compute figure above it that day and now. Models with a developer in the European Union are counted separately. Compute Threshold Index This site Licence MIT Updated quarterly Retrieved , 5 days ago Data JSON CSV Training-compute thresholds written into law, executive action or published policy, with the text that sets each one. Whether a given model crosses a threshold here is arithmetic on Epoch's compute estimates, most of which are estimates rather than disclosures, and is not a legal finding about any model or developer. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Compute Threshold Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/capability/#thresholds. Retrieved 23 October 2026. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated weekly Retrieved , 5 days ago Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 23 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

Where Instrument Threshold Status Dated Above that day First crossed Above now Developer here
European Union Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 51(2) 1e25 in force 2024-06-13 signed 5 GPT-4 (Mar 2023), 2023-03-15 24 0
What the threshold requires 1

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 51(2)

    Applies to General-purpose AI models placed on the EU market

    Consequence Presumption of systemic risk, bringing model evaluation, adversarial testing, incident reporting and cybersecurity obligations.

    A rebuttable presumption rather than a hard line: a developer can argue its model does not carry systemic risk despite the compute, and the Commission can designate a model that falls below it.

Whether a model sits above a line is arithmetic on Epoch's compute figures, most of which are estimates rather than disclosures. Nothing here is a legal finding about any model or developer.

Every compute threshold

Data: the Compute Threshold Index, and Epoch AI's compute estimates

AI datacentres and compute

3 AI datacentre sites in Epoch AI's hub in the European Union, by the IT power planned at the last stage of each site's timeline, with the power operating now. AI Data Centers Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated several times a week Retrieved , today The largest AI sites Epoch has found, mostly in the United States. Epoch estimated in September 2026 that they hold 44% of the world's deployed AI compute, with a 90% interval of 23% to 81%. Power, compute and cost are Epoch's estimates from satellite imagery, permits and company statements; four in five IT power estimates fall within a factor of 1.4 of the true value. The owner is the owner of the chips, not necessarily of the building. Capacity after the date of retrieval is Epoch's projection. Coordinates are read from the hub's map page, which publishes them; the downloads do not. Cite Epoch AI, "AI Data Centers". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

Site Planned IT power Now
Start Campus Sines Data Campus Nscale, expanding, Portugal 233 MW 33 MW
Nebius Mantsala Nebius, expanding, Finland 145 MW 75 MW
EcoDataCenter 2 Mistral AI, under construction, Sweden 48 MW none
  • 108 MW IT power operating at those sites now AI Data Centers Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated several times a week Retrieved , today The largest AI sites Epoch has found, mostly in the United States. Epoch estimated in September 2026 that they hold 44% of the world's deployed AI compute, with a 90% interval of 23% to 81%. Power, compute and cost are Epoch's estimates from satellite imagery, permits and company statements; four in five IT power estimates fall within a factor of 1.4 of the true value. The owner is the owner of the chips, not necessarily of the building. Capacity after the date of retrieval is Epoch's projection. Coordinates are read from the hub's map page, which publishes them; the downloads do not. Cite Epoch AI, "AI Data Centers". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.
  • 80,000 H100 equivalents of compute at those sites AI Data Centers Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated several times a week Retrieved , today The largest AI sites Epoch has found, mostly in the United States. Epoch estimated in September 2026 that they hold 44% of the world's deployed AI compute, with a 90% interval of 23% to 81%. Power, compute and cost are Epoch's estimates from satellite imagery, permits and company statements; four in five IT power estimates fall within a factor of 1.4 of the true value. The owner is the owner of the chips, not necessarily of the building. Capacity after the date of retrieval is Epoch's projection. Coordinates are read from the hub's map page, which publishes them; the downloads do not. Cite Epoch AI, "AI Data Centers". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.
  • 54 GPU clusters in Epoch AI's cluster records, 146 MW of known power, in 12 member states GPU Clusters Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated monthly Retrieved , today Compiled from public reporting; each row carries a certainty flag ranging from confirmed to speculative. Chinese clusters are systematically less well documented than US ones, so country totals understate opacity as much as they measure capacity. Cite Epoch AI, "GPU Clusters". https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.
Member state Clusters Known power
France 14 33.2 MW
Germany 11 25.2 MW
Italy 9 39.9 MW
Finland 4 26 MW
Poland 4 1.8 MW
Sweden 4 7.4 MW
Netherlands 3 2.1 MW
Czechia 1 0.5 MW
Denmark 1 2.9 MW
Luxembourg 1 0.7 MW
Show the remaining 2
Slovenia 1 0.2 MW
Spain 1 6 MW

Hub power and compute are Epoch's estimates, and planned power is its projection from permits and announcements. Epoch's cluster records are a separate compilation, not reconciled with the hub, and count power only where it is known.

AI datacentres

Data: Epoch AI

Notable models

106 models in Epoch AI's notable models list with an organisation in the European Union among their developers, 58 of them from academic groups and 1 published since January 2025. The largest training compute recorded for any of them is 7.7e23 FLOP, for Mixtral 8x7B. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Licence CC-BY-4.0 Updated weekly Retrieved , today Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

Year Models
2025 1
2024 5
2023 12
2022 4
2021 17
2020 8
2019 9
2018 5
2017 8
2016 7
Show the remaining 15
2015 3
2014 3
2013 3
2012 3
2010 2
2009 1
2008 2
2007 2
2006 4
2005 1
1997 1
1994 2
1989 1
1981 1
1976 1
Organisation Models
Technical University of Munich 10
Mistral AI 6
INRIA 5
Heidelberg University 4
Aalto University 3
University of Amsterdam 3
University of Bonn 3
BigScience 2
Brno University of Technology 2
Jagiellonian University 2
Show the remaining 53
RWTH Aachen University 2
Sorbonne University 2
Technical University of Denmark 2
University of Copenhagen 2
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Muenchen 1
Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence 1
Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN) 1
Charles University 1
Complutense University of Madrid 1
Czech Technical University 1
DeepL 1
deepset 1
Dublin City University 1
Ecole Normale Supèrieure 1
ESAT - PSI 1
Forschungszentrum Julich 1
Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute 1
HEC 1
Helsinki University of Technology 1
Institute of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence 1
Jacobs University 1
Jacobs University Bremen 1
Johannes Kepler University Linz 1
Karolinska Institute 1
KU Leuven 1
Leipzig University 1
LORIA 1
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1
Max Planck Institute for Informatics 1
Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 1
PSL University 1
SAP 1
Sapienza Università di Roma 1
ScaDS.AI 1
Sensifai 1
Technicolor R&I 1
Telefonica 1
Toloka 1
TU Berlin 1
TU Darmstadt 1
UnfoldML 1
Universite de Technologie de Compiègne - CNRS 1
Université Grenoble Alpes 1
Université Paris-Est 1
University of Freiburg 1
University of Lubeck 1
University of Oulu 1
University of Siena 1
University of Trento 1
University of Turku 1
University of Zagreb 1
Utrecht University 1
Visual Computing Institute 1
Member state Models
France 50
Germany 31
Finland 6
Netherlands 5
Czechia 3
Italy 3
Belgium 2
Denmark 2
Poland 2
Spain 2
Show the remaining 4
Sweden 2
Austria 1
Croatia 1
Ireland 1

Notability is Epoch AI's editorial judgement, not a census. Organisations are named as Epoch names them, so one company can appear under several names. 29 models are counted in the total and by year but not by organisation, because Epoch's lists of organisations and countries for them do not line up. A model counts once in the EU total however many member states its developers are in, and once in each of their rows by member state.

Training compute and cost

Data: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models

Official publications

17 publications on AI from EU government feeds in the news feed's 120-day window, the latest 6 below, from 1 publisher in all. Headline and a short extract, each linking to the publisher. Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    Digital Services Act study on financial scams on online platforms and ways to counter them

    A new study maps the main types of online financial scams, platform features scammers exploit, their impact on users and society and measures platforms can take to stop them. Online financial...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    First harmonised standard supporting the AI Act published in the Official Journal

    The European Commission has published the reference to the first harmonised standard supporting the implementation of the AI Act in the Official Journal of the European Union. The standard, EN...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    Commission holds special meeting of Scientific panel on frontier AI safety and risks

    The Commission holds a special meeting of the Scientific Panel on artificial intelligence (AI). The panel has been investigating recent loss-of-control incidents, and together with the...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    European AI Innovation Month

    14 October 2026 - 17 November 2026 From 14 October to 17 November 2026, this initiative led by the European Commission in partnership with the upcoming Irish Presidency of the Council will promote...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    Establishing the European AI Observatory: Call for tenders

    Opening: 05 October 2026 Closing: 03 November 2026 The Commission is seeking a procurement contract for the setup and operation of the AI Observatory for a period of three years. The European AI...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

  • Government publication European Union
    Targeted consultation to support a better copyright environment for creativity and innovation

    Opening: 29 September 2026 Closing: 03 November 2026 The Commission has launched a targeted consultation in preparation of a possible initiative for a better copyright environment for creativity...

    European Commission Shaping Europe's digital future European Commission Licence EC-reuse-2011-833-EU Updated daily Retrieved , today Covers all EU digital policy, not only AI; requires topical filtering. Reuse decision does not extend to third-party material or EU logos. Cite European Commission, "Shaping Europe's digital future". https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/european-union/.

AI news

Data: government feeds, filed by keyword rule

Not covered

  • Depth of the law index. It holds 8 instruments for the European Union and 28 for Australia, which was indexed first and in more depth, so the counts are not a comparison.
  • AI datacentres outside Epoch AI's hub. The AI Datacentre Index, which records sites from developers' statements, covers Australia only.
  • Frontier safety frameworks. No developer in the Frontier Safety Framework Index has a notable model credited to an organisation in the European Union.
  • Member states' own law. The law index holds instruments adopted at EU level only.
  • Electricity, emissions and water at EU datacentres. No indexed source publishes them per site.

Related

  • EU law Every instrument indexed for the EU, with its primary source and what it binds.
  • Adoption Enterprise use by member state, by size, by industry and by technology.
  • Compute thresholds The EU threshold beside every other, on a timeline against the models.