Anthropic
Anthropic has 22 models in Epoch AI's notable models list, 16 of them released since January 2025; the largest training run with a compute estimate is Claude 3.7 Sonnet, at 3.4e25 FLOP. Its published safety framework is the Responsible Scaling Policy, and all 15 indexed releases since January 2025 had a safety card on the day of release.
- 3.4e25 FLOP largest training run, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, 2025 Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/.
- 16 notable models released since January 2025
- 15 of 15 releases since January 2025 with a system card on the day Release Safety Disclosure Index This site Our own reading of the system card, model card or safety report each developer published for each release Epoch AI lists from 2025, joined to Epoch's list. Every cell is what a developer says about its own model under its own framework: whether a card came out with the release, whether it reports dangerous-capability results, which government institutes it names as pre-release testers, and whether it says a risk threshold was reached. None of it is verified. A release Epoch adds after the last review is shown as awaiting review. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Release Safety Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/alignment/#releases. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 18 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/.
- 0 sites it owns in Epoch's data-centre hub, and 8 where it is a named user
Models
Every model Epoch AI judges notable from Anthropic, by year, with the largest training run each year where Epoch has a compute estimate.
| Year | Models | Models, relative | Largest run that year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 3 | Claude 2, 3.9e24 FLOP | |
| 2024 | 3 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet, 2.7e25 FLOP | |
| 2025 | 7 | Claude 3.7 Sonnet, 3.4e25 FLOP | |
| 2026 | 9 | - |
Most recent
| Published | Model | Domain | Released as | Training compute |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-09-28 | Claude Sonnet 5.5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-09-22 | Claude Opus 5.5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-09-01 | Claude Fable 5.1 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-07-24 | Claude Opus 5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-06-09 | Claude Mythos 5 | Language | Unreleased | - |
| 2026-06-09 | Claude Fable 5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-05-28 | Claude Opus 4.8 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-04-16 | Claude Opus 4.7 | Language | API only | - |
| 2026-04-07 | Claude Mythos Preview | Language | Other | - |
| 2025-11-24 | Claude Opus 4.5 | Language | API only | - |
Earlier models 12
| Published | Model | Domain | Released as | Training compute |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-10-15 | Claude Haiku 4.5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2025-09-29 | Claude Sonnet 4.5 | Language | API only | - |
| 2025-08-05 | Claude Opus 4.1 | Language | API only | - |
| 2025-05-22 | Claude Sonnet 4 | Language | API only | - |
| 2025-05-22 | Claude Opus 4 | Language | API only | - |
| 2025-02-24 | Claude 3.7 Sonnet | Language | API only | 3.4e25 |
| 2024-06-20 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Multimodal | API only | 2.7e25 |
| 2024-03-04 | Claude 3 Sonnet | Multimodal | API only | - |
| 2024-03-04 | Claude 3 Opus | Multimodal | API only | - |
| 2023-11-21 | Claude 2.1 | Language | API only | - |
| 2023-07-11 | Claude 2 | Language | API only | 3.9e24 |
| 2023-03-14 | Claude | Language | API only | - |
Notability is Epoch's editorial judgement, and compute figures are its estimates, most of them not disclosed by the developer. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/.
Safety framework and release disclosures
The frontier safety framework Anthropic has published, and what it published at each release since January 2025.
- Framework
- Responsible Scaling Policy since 2023
- Its own scale
- Four capability thresholds, each paired with recommended mitigations; AI Safety Levels now name present safeguards only
- Risk domains
- CBRN, loss of control, AI R&D
- External evaluation
- committed to
- Commits to stop
- qualified: Commits to a decision process rather than to an outcome.
Rewritten as version 3 in February 2026; version 3.4 took effect on 8 July 2026. The earlier commitment not to train or deploy without adequate safeguards is gone: it commits to delay development and deployment only while Anthropic leads or its competitors have strong safety measures, and otherwise publishes Risk Reports with a risk-benefit determination by its chief executive and Responsible Scaling Officer. It no longer has a cyber threshold.
- 15 of 15 with a system card on the day
- 0 that no card names
- 9 naming a government institute that tested before release
- 12 stated to have reached a threshold in its own framework
| Released | Model | Card | Results | Government tested | Threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-09-28 | Claude Sonnet 5.5 | at release | results | none named | reached Treated as meeting the CB-1 and Autonomy-1 thresholds |
| 2026-09-22 | Claude Opus 5.5 | at release | results | US CAISI | reached Treated as having CB-1 capabilities; does not cross CB-2 |
| 2026-09-01 | Claude Fable 5.1 METR tested Claude Mythos 5.1 before release; the card names no government institute. | at release | results | none named | reached Treated as having CB-1 capabilities |
| 2026-07-24 | Claude Opus 5 | at release | results | UK AISI | reached Treated as having CB-1 capabilities |
| 2026-06-09 | Claude Fable 5 | at release | results | UK AISI | reached Treated as having CB-1 capabilities; judged below CB-2 |
| 2026-05-28 | Claude Opus 4.8 | at release | results | UK AISI | reached CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low |
| 2026-04-16 | Claude Opus 4.7 | at release | results | UK AISI | reached CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low |
| 2026-04-07 | Claude Mythos Preview Released to a limited set of partners for defensive cybersecurity. METR and Epoch AI tested it before release; the card names no government institute. | at release | results | none named | reached CB-1 safeguards applied; catastrophic risk judged low |
| 2025-11-24 | Claude Opus 4.5 | at release | results | US CAISI, UK AISI | reached ASL-3 safeguards |
| 2025-10-15 | Claude Haiku 4.5 | at release | results | none named | below Deployed under the ASL-2 Standard |
Earlier releases 5
| Released | Model | Card | Results | Government tested | Threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-09-29 | Claude Sonnet 4.5 | at release | results | UK AISI | reached Requires ASL-3 protection |
| 2025-08-05 | Claude Opus 4.1 The card says no new pre-deployment evaluations were run with government partners for this release. | at release | results | none named | reached Deployed under the ASL-3 Standard as a precaution |
| 2025-05-22 | Claude Sonnet 4 The card names institute testing of Claude Opus 4 only. | at release | results | none named | below Does not require the ASL-3 Standard |
| 2025-05-22 | Claude Opus 4 | at release | results | US AISI, UK AISI | reached Deployed with ASL-3 measures because ASL-3 risks could not be ruled out |
| 2025-02-24 | Claude 3.7 Sonnet | at release | results | US AISI, UK AISI | below ASL-2 safeguards remain appropriate |
Every entry is Anthropic's own statement about its own models under its own framework. The rules behind each column are on the alignment page. Frontier Safety Framework Index This site Our own reading of each developer's published safety framework and model cards. Every field is what the developer says about itself: these are self-assessments under self-written frameworks with no common scale and no external audit, and they are indexed here for exactly that reason. Not a ranking, and not a verification. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Frontier Safety Framework Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/alignment/#frameworks. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Release Safety Disclosure Index This site Our own reading of the system card, model card or safety report each developer published for each release Epoch AI lists from 2025, joined to Epoch's list. Every cell is what a developer says about its own model under its own framework: whether a card came out with the release, whether it reports dangerous-capability results, which government institutes it names as pre-release testers, and whether it says a risk threshold was reached. None of it is verified. A release Epoch adds after the last review is shown as awaiting review. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Release Safety Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/alignment/#releases. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 18 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/.
Its models against the compute thresholds
How many of Anthropic's models with a compute estimate sit at or above each training-compute threshold written into an instrument, and the first to cross it.
| Instrument | Threshold | Status | Its models above | First of them to cross |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 51(2) European Union | 1e25 | in force | 2 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet, 2024-06-20 |
| SB 53, Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act United States (California) | 1e26 | in force | 0 | - |
| Enforcement Decree of the AI Basic Act, Article 23 South Korea | 1e26 | in force | 0 | - |
| Executive Order 14110, section 4.2 United States (federal) | 1e26 | revoked | 0 | - |
| SB 1047, Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models Act United States (California) | 1e26 | vetoed | 0 | - |
| RAISE Act, Responsible AI Safety and Education Act United States (New York) | 1e26 | enacted | 0 | - |
Arithmetic on Epoch's compute estimates against the number in each instrument, not a legal finding about any model. The full timeline is on the capability page. Compute Threshold Index This site Training-compute thresholds written into law, executive action or published policy, with the text that sets each one. Whether a given model crosses a threshold here is arithmetic on Epoch's compute estimates, most of which are estimates rather than disclosures, and is not a legal finding about any model or developer. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Compute Threshold Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/capability/#thresholds. Retrieved 23 October 2026. Notable AI Models Epoch AI Inclusion is editorial ("notability criteria"), not exhaustive. Compute figures are frequently estimates; check the per-row confidence and notes columns before treating any value as measured. Cite Epoch AI, "Notable AI Models". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Retrieved 23 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/.
Datacentres
Sites in Epoch AI's data-centre hub that Anthropic owns or is named as using, largest planned IT power first.
| Site | Role | Country | Stage | IT power now | Planned |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle | named user, confident | United States | Expanding | 1.0 GW | 1.9 GW |
| Colossus 2 | named user, confident | United States | Expanding | 946 MW | 1.5 GW |
| Amazon Ridgeland | named user, speculative | United States | Expanding | 228 MW | 840 MW |
| Amazon Madison Mega Site | named user, speculative | United States | Expanding | 284 MW | 683 MW |
| Anthropic Lake Mariner | named user, likely | United States | Expanding | 42 MW | 378 MW |
| Colossus 1 | named user, confident | United States | Operating | 340 MW | 340 MW |
| Anthropic Barber Lake | named user, confident | United States | Under construction | - | 207 MW |
| AWS Berwick | named user, speculative | United States | Expanding | 108 MW | 169 MW |
Also named as tenant at Western Downs Digital Park (proposed, lease signed, subject to approvals), from the developers' statements in the AI Datacentre Index.
Power is Epoch's estimate from imagery and permits, IT power where it states one. Confidence is Epoch's own label for each owner or user. AI Data Centers Epoch AI The largest AI sites Epoch has found, mostly in the United States. Epoch estimated in September 2026 that they hold 44% of the world's deployed AI compute, with a 90% interval of 23% to 81%. Power, compute and cost are Epoch's estimates from satellite imagery, permits and company statements; four in five IT power estimates fall within a factor of 1.4 of the true value. The owner is the owner of the chips, not necessarily of the building. Capacity after the date of retrieval is Epoch's projection. Coordinates are read from the hub's map page, which publishes them; the downloads do not. Cite Epoch AI, "AI Data Centers". https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers. Retrieved 28 October 2026 via AI Safety Tracker, https://aisafetytracker.org/developers/anthropic/. AI Datacentre Index This site AI datacentre sites that Epoch AI's hub does not hold, recorded from the statements of developers, named tenants and planning authorities. Australia only so far. A site is included only where a primary source says it is built for AI compute or names the AI deployment inside it. Capacity is as the developer states it, IT or facility power as labelled, and is not an estimate; most of it is proposed and not yet approved. Coordinates are this site's placement of each stated address or area. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Datacentre Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/datacentres/#added. Retrieved 28 October 2026.
Energy and emissions
What Anthropic has published about the energy behind its models, and what permits and press reporting add.
- Training energy or emissions Not disclosed
- No energy or emissions figure for any model.
- Where it trains and serves Published
- Amazon's Trainium clusters including Project Rainier, Google TPUs, and from May 2026 all of SpaceX's Colossus 1 in Memphis, over 300 MW. Amazon Google SpaceX
- What powers those sites Reported by others
- Colossus 1 holds a permit for 15 on-site gas turbines. Amazon and Google state 100% annual renewable matching for their own consumption. Anthropic publishes no energy figure. DCD Amazon Google
- Energy per prompt Not disclosed
- No per-prompt figure.
"Published" means the developer's own statement; "reported by others" means a permit, a regulator or the press. A company's clean-energy claims cover its whole operation, never one model. Environmental Disclosure Index This site Our own reading of what frontier developers and the operators of their data centres have published about training energy, emissions, power sources and energy per prompt, with permits and press reporting marked separately from company statements. Most cells record an absence. Company figures are self-reported and mostly unaudited, and market-based emissions reflect contracts rather than the grid at the hour of use. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Environmental Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/environment/. Retrieved 23 October 2026. Environmental Disclosure Index This site Our own reading of what frontier developers and the operators of their data centres have published about training energy, emissions, power sources and energy per prompt, with permits and press reporting marked separately from company statements. Most cells record an absence. Company figures are self-reported and mostly unaudited, and market-based emissions reflect contracts rather than the grid at the hour of use. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "Environmental Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/environment/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.
Usage
The token volumes and user counts Anthropic has stated, each in its own scope.
Publishes use by task in the Anthropic Economic Index, but no volume.
Volumes are normalised to a month and are comparable only within one company's own scope. Every series with its scope is on the usage page. AI Usage Disclosure Index This site Our own compilation of the token volumes, user counts and shares of use that companies and studies have put on the record, each linked to where it was stated. Scopes, units and token definitions differ between companies, so no two figures are comparable without the scope printed beside each. Figures known only through press reporting are marked as such. Not a market share estimate, and not a measure of any company's actual volume beyond what it chose to state. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Usage Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/usage/. Retrieved 23 October 2026. AI Usage Disclosure Index This site Our own compilation of the token volumes, user counts and shares of use that companies and studies have put on the record, each linked to where it was stated. Scopes, units and token definitions differ between companies, so no two figures are comparable without the scope printed beside each. Figures known only through press reporting are marked as such. Not a market share estimate, and not a measure of any company's actual volume beyond what it chose to state. Cite AI Safety Tracker, "AI Usage Disclosure Index". https://aisafetytracker.org/usage/. Retrieved 23 October 2026.
Not recorded for Anthropic: a stated token volume.